Outputs

This page holds the material the project produces. For now it carries the maps and source survey of the first six months; new outputs will be added to the relevant section as they arrive.

Maps and charts

These are preliminary results from the first six-month report and may change as data collection continues. Click an image to enlarge it.

**Population grew 8-fold, tractors 1,200-fold**
Figure 2. Timeline: population, tractors, wheat production and agricultural area in Bursa province (1907–2025).

**Population concentrated in central Bursa and İnegöl**
Figure 3. Population distribution and change by district (1907–2025). 2025 values follow the 1985 district units.

**Density in the centre exceeded 1,000 people/km²**
Figure 4. Population density by district, people/km² (1907–2025). 1907 areas follow the 1907 provincial yearbook.

**Urban share in the centre exceeded 85%**
Figure 5. Urban population share by district, % (1927–2010). 2000 and 2010 values follow the 1985 district units.

**Nilüfer and Gürsu grew, the southern districts shrank**
Figure 6. Population change by district, % (2010–2025).

**Village population grew most between 1927 and 1965**
Figure 7. Population in the 45 sample villages (1927–1980). Numbers mark the eight most populous villages in 1980.

**Wheat stayed dominant, maize gained share**
Figure 8. Field crop pattern (1907–1945). 1907: share of grain output (kile); 1927 and 1945: share of sown area.

**Wheat leadership passed from Yenişehir to Karacabey**
Figure 9. Wheat production by district (1907–2025). 1907 values in kile, other years in tonnes; 2025 follows the 1985 district units.

**Wheat yield rose about fourfold**
Figure 10. Wheat yield by district, tonnes/ha (1927–2025). 2025 values follow the 1985 district units.

**Tobacco concentrated in İnegöl and the centre by 1945**
Figure 11. Geography of tobacco: production by district, tonnes (1907–1945), and provincial production and sown area (1923–2000).

**In 1926 mulberry clustered in the centre, olives in Mudanya**
Figure 12. Mulberry, olive and vineyard areas by district, dönüm (1926), and provincial cocoon output and mulberry area (1913–2022).

**The number of olive trees rose sixfold**
Figure 13. Olive growing: table olive output by district (1907, 1945) and provincial output and tree stock (1913–2025).

**In 1945 fruit production was concentrated in the centre**
Figure 14. Fruit growing: apple, peach, cherry and chestnut output by district, tonnes (1945), and provincial peach output (1914–2025).

**Tractors reached the plains before 1950, the mountains in the 1970s**
Figure 15. Arrival of the tractor (27 villages) and television (26 villages) in villages, approximate reported year.

**Powerful tractors cluster in the central districts**
Figure 16. Mechanisation: tractors per 1,000 ha of farmland and share of tractors above 50 hp (2025).

Source survey

The survey of archives and publications continues. The figures below show the position at the end of the first six months.

27 gazete · 1.535 haberPress survey, 12.06.1920 – 24.05.2022
5 kaynak · 315 kayıtProvincial yearbooks and council records, 1907–1927
10 kaynak · 119 kayıtJournals and trade periodicals, 13.06.1908 – 05.1999
6 kaynak · 144 sayıConsular and trade reports, 1904–1929
20 seri · 2.907 görüntüBursa Metropolitan Municipality archive, c. 1891–1913
23 seri · 4.588 görüntüBursa Metropolitan Municipality archive, c. 1915–1950

Newspapers surveyed

Dates give the first and last article collected from each newspaper.

Vakit12.06.1920–25.09.1947
Hâkimiyet-i Milliye13.07.1927–29.10.1934
İkdam18.12.1928–03.09.1929
Cumhuriyet13.04.1929–24.05.2022
Akşam28.08.1929–21.09.1953
Milliyet08.09.1929–15.01.1974
Yarın20.06.1931–05.08.1931
Son Posta30.06.1932–14.12.1952
Haber17.05.1934–28.07.1941
Anadolu03.04.1935–23.05.1954
Yeni Asır20.12.1935–02.01.1941
Ulus09.01.1936–23.06.1947
Tan26.04.1936–08.07.1942
Son Telgraf01.11.1937–04.07.1942
Kurun31.01.1938
İkdam (Sabah Postası)17.04.1939–19.10.1942
Yeni Sabah16.05.1940–13.01.1949
Vatan14.12.1940–07.06.1954
Bugün03.07.1942–04.07.1942
Tasvir-i Efkâr03.07.1942–18.03.1943
Ant08.05.1947–29.07.1955
Zafer20.05.1949–07.11.1953
Hürriyet17.06.1950–12.07.1950
Yeni Ulus14.01.1954–04.03.1954
Hâkimiyet11.02.1954–28.07.1955
Yeni Ant15.05.1955–27.12.1955
Bursa Hâkimiyet21.01.1980–28.11.1980

Other source groups

Düstur (Ottoman and Turkish legislation): second series, volumes 1–12 and index (106 index lines, volumes 7–12, 1914–1922); third series, volumes 1–10, on seed, credit, tax, irrigation, disease control and sericulture (1920–1929).
Provincial yearbooks and official statistics (1907–2023): Hüdavendigâr and Bursa provincial yearbooks, Bursa yearbooks, State Institute of Statistics publications on agriculture, population and village inventories.
Village ledgers, levy and communal-labour records, population and agricultural statistics, master plans and plain protection documents.
Travel books and guides (1906–1928): Régis Delbeuf, Eugène Gallois, Hans Wilde, Ellsworth Huntington, Maurice Pernot, Alfred Philippson, Roy Elston, Richard Hartmann and others.
Bursa municipal archive: council minute books, petitions, correspondence registers and institutional letters.

At the end of the project

Our goal is a Bursa Agricultural History Museum.

Digital library: Photographs and documents will be published in the Digital Library of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
Oral history archive: Interview recordings will become a digital archive built to scholarly standards.
Workshop: Findings will be shared with researchers and the public in an open meeting.
Publications: National and international articles, a book and an international conference paper.